War-Crime or Not

There were many at the time who believed it was a war-crime. In order for it to be a legitimate war crime it would have to violate the Hague Convention. Rules of warfare… sounds a bit like an oxymoron but major nations laid down a set of rules to try to make war less barbaric. For example, Mehdi Hasan Statesman's senior editor (politics) who asserts “I still can't quite understand how defenders of the US decision to nuke those two Japanese cities can argue, in good conscience, that it wasn't a war crime.” The only thing is that to be a war crime there were some specifics about the bombings that would have to be in violation of the specifics of the law. The cities would have to be undefended and not legitimate military targets. Accordingto this Hiroshima had an impressive air defense and was the second General Headquarters of the Japanese Army. Nagasaki was a major port, but more importantly it was highly militarized. Though highly defended the major war-crime argument is that even with all this militarization the cities were primarily civilian.

Image curtsy of http://blog.nuclearsecrecy.com/2013/04/26/a-day-too-late/ 

Another point is warning civilians to evacuate.  The problem here is that the single bomber overflight was not taken seriously. The people expect an air raid to be several planes strong. Since that left everyone in the open it did make it worse for civilians, but there to the story is more complicated. The USAF did warn Japan there would be utter destruction brought to bear on them. The major possible target cities were leaflet bombed with a warning.

Not being a lawyer I am not able to tell definitively which side is legally correct, but my read of the law and the situation from an intel standpoint is that though it was a terrible loss of life and massive amount of damage it was not a war-crime in my opinion. 

What was the Cause for Surrender

One of the interesting aspects, to me at least, of the bombings is the debate over how necessary they were. In the perfect clarity of hindsight many look back at it and say how Japan was on the brink of surrender. The real question of morality of the bombings is not what we know now; it is what was known at the time. A moral issue cannot make assumptions about an action based on comprehensive knowledge gained by reviewing every fact from the distance of a historian. It needs to be examined on the basis of what the involved parties knew at the time. The decision would only be morally invalidated if the information at the time invalidated it.

There are those who would argue Soviet intervention was at least as significant of a factor if not more. The argument goes that from the timing and vagueness of comments in personal journals and official communications it could be seen that the Soviet invasion of Manchuria was at least as important a factor, if not more so. The Japanese had been trying to get the Soviet Union to be an arbitrator for them according to some historians according to Tsuyoshi Hasegawa.  Hasegawa argues that “of the two factors—the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Soviet entry into the war—the Soviet invasion had a more important effect on Japan’s decision to surrender.” And he has some evidence to back this up. There is much room here for interpretation of the facts.

Japanese representative General Yoshijiro signs the instrument of unconditional surrender on the U.S.S. Missouri, as General Douglas MacArthur watches. Credit: Harry S. Truman Library & Museum.

Truman had a number of advisers and a great deal of military information to go by, so to determine how good a decision it was we need to look at what he did with the information he had. Winston Churchill supported the decision with the argument “[t]here are voices which assert that the bomb should never have been used at all. I cannot associate myself with such ideas. ... I am surprised that very worthy people—but people who in most cases had no intention of proceeding to the Japanese front themselves—should adopt the position that rather than throw this bomb, we should have sacrificed a million American and a quarter of a million British lives.” Mr. Churchill’s opinion is sharply worded but the point of it is a good one, it is easy to criticize when you would not have been on the wrong end of the gun. Likewise the Potsdam Declaration of 1945 called for  “ the government of Japan to proclaim now the unconditional surrender of all Japanese armed forces, and to provide proper and adequate assurances of their good faith in such action. The alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction.” It could be said that this foreshadowed the horror of the bombings to come.


One of the primary sources of support for the bombings was the massive casualty estimates that were being put forth. There were a number of differing estimates, but all of them were immense. Another was magic, or rather Magic, the clever name for the code breakers who were listening in on what Japan was planning. Magic gave the US and the Allies insight on how some Japanese envoys who wanted peace with the US. This is a point that many who argue against the bombings would say negates the need for them except for one thing, none of these overtures were from people with any true authority. These were all unsanctioned and sadly also they were in the minority of intercepts, as most were indicative of support for continuing the war. In fact military intercepts from Magic indicated that an examination of Allied tactics had shown the Japanese exactly where Operation Downfall would have landed its initial phase, Operation Olympic. The other important information from this is that there was a massive troop build-up in the area and a strong counter-plan a strategy they called Ketsu Go. Ketsu Go or Operation Decisive they felt would allow the military to end the war in a way favorable to Imperial Japan.

Introduction to My Purpose

In this blog I hope to look at the question of the morality of using the atomic bomb on Japan at the end of the Second World War. Was the alternate plan a better choice? Could the US have actually defeated Japan without so much destruction? I plan to explore what the alternative plan would have brought to the table and look into the changes this would have wrought on the world today.

 The alternative to the atomic bombs was Operation Downfall, an invasion planned by the US high command for taking on the Japanese mainland. This would be the monumental task to end all tasks. The island hopping campaign that pushed the Japanese military back to Japan had been a meat-grinder. The Japanese fought bitterly for every inch of these islands they had claimed, how much more, then could they be counted on to fight for their homes? The planners of Downfall had to take this into account. In fact, according to this article by Gerry Rising, the US troops would have to view the entire civilian population as possible combatants.

If Downfall was to be launched it may have been the bloodiest campaign in all human history, in fact the aggregate casualty estimates for both sides number well into the tens of millions. We can only speculate on the lasting effects of so much loss on both nations. If the death toll was high enough it may have entirely eliminated the Baby Boom. With so many fewer returning service people industry in America may have been direly effected and in Post-war Japan there may not even have been any industry to speak of. This is all, of course, idle speculation from the comfortable distance of over seventy years in the future. Again there is no real way to know how the conflict would have developed.

There was, however, much dissent as well. Many in the US military felt Japan was on the verge of surrender and that if they were presented an honorable, and equitable way out that they would take it. There were any number of high military minds who felt that Japan was done for and that a Navy led blockade of Japan would finish the war off without the massive death toll of either invasion or bombing. Were they right? There is no way to really know, any attempt to guess is just an exercise in what-if without any way to be absolutely sure. The only thing we know for sure at this point is that at the minimum 200 thousand Japanese men, women, and children perished in what is to date the only use of nuclear weapons in human warfare.

Photo courtesy of http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Med/Lbfm.jpg